What is a Linux Distribution

The foundation of every Linux system is something called the kernel. The kernel is essentially the core of Linux, which enables the user to utilize attached hardware — starting with the processor and memory, but also disks, keyboard, mouse, graphics card, and all other computer components. We can say that the Linux kernel is a set of drivers, but we must also emphasize that the kernel is much more than that. The kernel includes other key modules that enable process management, memory resource management, security, network functionality, file systems, and more.

A Linux distribution is an operating system based on Linux, or more specifically, on the Linux kernel. A Linux distribution includes a range of software packages, programs, libraries and tools, along with a specific installation system. Modern Linux distributions are actually customized versions of other Linux distributions, focused on specific types of users, different Linux-based devices, or specific purposes — such as various types of servers, desktops, or notebook computers.

RedHat and Debian

Today’s modern Linux distributions are basically built on one of two distributions — RedHat and Debian. Let’s mention just a few:

Based on RedHat:

• CentOS – A long-standing open-source alternative to RedHat Enterprise Linux (RHEL), now replaced by CentOS Stream, which is a rolling-release version focused on future RHEL versions.
• Fedora – A distribution sponsored by RedHat, often used as an experimental platform for testing new features that may later be incorporated into RHEL.
• Oracle Linux – Based on RHEL, offering Oracle-developed additions and used within the Oracle ecosystem.
• AlmaLinux and Rocky Linux – Two relatively new distributions that emerged as replacements for classic CentOS, focused on stability and compatibility with RHEL.
• ClearOS – A distribution based on CentOS and RHEL, often used for server applications, including network and security infrastructure.

Based on Debian:

• Ubuntu – One of the most popular distributions, developed by Canonical. Ubuntu is user-friendly and often used as a foundation for other distributions, and is a popular choice for servers, desktop environments, and cloud infrastructures.
• OpenSUSE – A distribution oriented toward business users and everyday Linux users. It uses stable software packages and can also be used as a server distribution.
• Linux Mint – Based on Ubuntu, Linux Mint provides an intuitive user environment aimed at making the transition from Windows easier for users. Often used for its stability and simplicity.
• Kali Linux – A specialized distribution based on Debian, designed for cybersecurity professionals and ethical hackers. It comes with pre-installed tools for penetration testing and forensics.
• MX Linux – A fast and lightweight distribution based on Debian, popular for its stability and performance, often used on older computers.
• Raspberry Pi OS (formerly known as Raspbian) – An optimized version of Debian, specially designed for Raspberry Pi devices. Intended for learning and hobbyist projects.
• Deepin – A distribution from China, based on Debian, with a focus on aesthetics and ease of use. Deepin uses its own environment (Deepin Desktop Environment) and provides a visually attractive look.
• Parrot OS – Another security-oriented distribution based on Debian, designed for pentesters and cybersecurity researchers, with a focus on privacy protection.

We should also mention that RedHat-based distributions use RPM software packages, while Debian distributions use DEB packages. Each distribution has different approaches to package management (i.e., software installation) and system upgrades. For example, Ubuntu uses the apt package manager, while Arch uses pacman. However, each distribution also allows installation of programs and accompanying libraries in a more complex but also most optimal way — from source code, what I like to call the most “Linux-like” way 🙂

Why do we have so many Linux distributions? For starters — because Linux is a “free” operating system, which allows maximum modification and customization. Most Linux distributions are freely available and open source, which gives users freedom in their customization and distribution. You are virtually unlimited in what modifications you can make. This leads to a large number of “experimental” distributions. But it also leads to the development of distributions intended for specific purposes, such as for a specific type of server. Like when you have a sports car designed for a specific type of race, a specific type of track, and specific surface and weather conditions. And likewise, for that sports car to contain only what is necessary for that type of racing.

And of course, each distribution will claim to be the best and most optimal.

By the way, it is estimated that today we can find over 600 different Linux distributions that are active, while more than 1,500 have been created throughout history. Of those 600, around 300 distributions are active, updated, used worldwide, and still being developed. That’s why we can’t say exactly how many Linux distributions exist, because new ones are practically being created all the time, while many are also discontinued or cease development. Distributions that also serve as bases for other distributions often serve as foundational platforms for creating other, customized distributions.

But — Linux is Linux

What I always emphasize: LINUX IS LINUX. If you know how to use one distribution, you can switch to another distribution without much effort. Differences in user interface are often minimal. There should be no kind of aversion or fear of switching to or using another distribution. Once you learn to use Linux properly, you will know how to navigate all the different distributions.